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Freedom House is a U.S.-based government-funded〔Giannonea, Diego (2010)."Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case". ''Democratization'' Volume 17, Issue 1. pp. 68-97.〕 non-governmental organization (NGO) that conducts research and advocacy on democracy, political freedom, and human rights. Freedom House was founded in October 1941. Wendell Willkie and Eleanor Roosevelt served as its first honorary chairpersons. It describes itself as a "clear voice for democracy and freedom around the world". The organization's annual ''Freedom in the World'' report, which assesses each country's degree of political freedoms and civil liberties, is frequently cited by political scientists, journalists, and policy-makers. ''Freedom of the Press'' and ''Freedom of the Net'',〔("Freedom on the Net 2013" ), Freedom House, 3 October 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2013.〕 which monitor censorship, intimidation and violence against journalists, and public access to information, are among its other signature reports. ==History== Freedom House was incorporated October 31, 1941.〔 Among its founders were Eleanor Roosevelt, Wendell Willkie, Mayor Fiorello H. La Guardia, Elizabeth Cutter Morrow, Dorothy Thompson,〔 George Field, Herbert Agar, Herbert Bayard Swope, Ralph Bunche, Father George B. Ford, Roscoe Drummond and Rex Stout. George Field (1904–2006) was executive director of the organization until his retirement in 1967.〔(History of the Freedom House ), George Field Collection of Freedom House Files, 1933–1990 (Bulk 1941–1969): Finding Aid, Princeton University Library; (Freedom House Statement on the Passing of George Field ) (June 1, 2006). Retrieved January 15, 2011〕 According to its website, Freedom House "emerged from an amalgamation of two groups that had been formed, with the quiet encouragement of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, to encourage popular support for American involvement in World War II at a time when isolationist sentiments were running high in the United States."〔 Several groups, in fact, were aggressively supporting U.S. entry into the war and in early autumn 1941, when various group activities began to overlap, the Fight for Freedom Committee began exploring a mass merger. George Field then conceived the idea of all of the groups maintaining their separate identities under one roof — Freedom House — to promote the concrete application of the principles of freedom.〔 Freedom House had physical form in a New York City building that represented the organization's goals. A converted residence at 32 East 51st Street opened January 22, 1942,〔 as a center "where all who love liberty may meet, plan their programs and encourage one another". Furnished as a gift of the Allied nations, the 19-room building included a broadcasting facility. Freedom House sponsored influential radio programs including ''The Voice of Freedom'' (1942–43) and ''Our Secret Weapon'' (1942–43), a CBS radio series created to counter Axis shortwave radio propaganda broadcasts. Rex Stout, chairman of the Writers' War Board and representative of Freedom House, would rebut the most entertaining lies of the week. The series was produced by Paul White, founder of CBS News. In 1945 an elegant building at 20 West 40th Street was purchased to house the organization. It was named the Willkie Memorial Building. After the war, as its website states, "Freedom House took up the struggle against the other twentieth century totalitarian threat, Communism.... The organization's leadership was convinced that the spread of democracy would be the best weapon against totalitarian ideologies."〔 Freedom House supported the Marshall Plan and the establishment of NATO.〔 Freedom House also supported the Johnson Administration's Vietnam War policies. Freedom House was highly critical of McCarthyism.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Our History )〕 During the 1950s and 1960s, it supported the U.S. Civil Rights Movement and its leadership included several prominent civil rights activists—though it was critical of civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King, Jr. for their anti-war activism. It supported Andrei Sakharov, other Soviet dissidents, and the Solidarity movement in Poland. Freedom House assisted the post-Communist societies in the establishment of independent media, non-governmental think tanks, and the core institutions of electoral politics.〔 The organization describes itself currently as a clear voice for democracy and freedom around the world. Freedom House states that it: In 1967, Freedom House absorbed Books USA, which had been created several years earlier by Edward R. Murrow, as a joint venture between the Peace Corps and the United States Information Service. 〔 Allen Kent. "Encyclopedia of library and information science, Volume 38". (Chapter on "International Book Donation Programs". p. 239 ). 〕 More recently, Freedom House has supported citizens involved in challenges to the existing regimes in Serbia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Egypt, Tunisia and elsewhere. The organization states, "From South Africa to Jordan, Kyrgyzstan to Indonesia, Freedom House has partnered with regional activists in bolstering civil society; worked to support women’s rights; sought justice for victims of torture; defended journalists and free expression advocates; and assisted those struggling to promote human rights in challenging political environments."〔 Freedom House was critical of Saudi Arabia and Chile under Augusto Pinochet, classifying them as "Not Free". It was also strongly critical of the apartheid in South Africa and military dictatorships in Latin America.〔(Comparative scores for all countries from 1973 to 2006 ) 〕 In 2001 Freedom House had income of around $11m, increasing to over $26m in 2006.〔 Much of the increase was due to an increase between 2004 and 2005 in US government federal funding, from $12m to $20m.〔 Federal funding fell to around $10m in 2007, but still represented around 80% of Freedom House's budget.〔 As of 2010, grants awarded from the US government accounted for most of Freedom House's funding;〔Giannonea, Diego (2010)."Political and ideological aspects in the measurement of democracy: the Freedom House case". ''Democratization'' Volume 17, Issue 1. pp. 68-97.〕 the grants were not earmarked by the government but allocated through a competitive process. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Freedom House」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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